How Reverse Mortgages Work: Explained in Simple Terms!
Michael G. Branson, CEO of All Reverse Mortgage, Inc., and moderator of ARLO™, has 45 years of experience in the mortgage banking industry. He has devoted the past 19 years to reverse mortgages exclusively. (License: NMLS# 14040) |
All Reverse Mortgage's editing process includes rigorous fact-checking led by industry experts to ensure all content is accurate and current. This article has been reviewed, edited, and fact-checked by Cliff Auerswald, President and co-creator of ARLO™. (License: NMLS# 14041) |
Introduction to Reverse Mortgages
Welcome to our guide on reverse mortgages! In this article, we will explain reverse mortgages in simple terms. Whether you are a homeowner thinking about your financial future, a family member helping someone understand their choices, or just curious about how reverse mortgages work, this guide is for you.
We cover the basics – from who can get a reverse mortgage to how repayment works – to help you decide if a reverse mortgage is right for you.
What is a Reverse Mortgage?
A reverse mortgage is a special home loan for homeowners aged 62 and older that lets you turn your home’s equity into cash without monthly payments. You can receive the money as a lump sum, regular monthly income, or in flexible amounts when you need it. The loan and interest are repaid only when you sell your home, move out permanently, or pass away.
Reverse Mortgage vs. Traditional Loans
A reverse mortgage differs from traditional loans because it works in the opposite way. With a traditional loan, you make monthly payments to reduce the amount you owe, increasing your property equity over time.
In contrast, a reverse mortgage doesn’t require regular payments. Instead, as you receive money and interest accrues, the loan balance grows, and your equity in the property decreases.
With a reverse mortgage, there are no monthly payments or prepayment penalties. Depending on your financial goals, you can choose to repay some or all of the interest or any amount you want.
Reverse Mortgage vs. Other Mortgage Types
Feature | Reverse Mortgage | Traditional Mortgage | HELOC | Shared Appreciation |
---|---|---|---|---|
Eligibility Age | 62+ | 18+ | 18+ | 18+ |
Monthly Payments | Optional | Required | Required | Optional |
Loan Purpose | Access home equity | Home purchase or refinance | Access home equity | Access home equity, investment |
Interest Rates | Fixed or variable | Fixed or variable | Variable | N/A |
Loan Repayment | Upon moving out, sale, or death | Over loan term (e.g., 30 years) | After draw period (typically 10 years) | Upon sale or end of term |
Equity Depletion | Optional | No, builds equity over time | Yes | Yes, at sale or term end |
Credit Line | Yes | No | Yes | No |
How Much You Can Get From a Reverse Mortgage
The amount of money you can get from a reverse mortgage usually ranges from 40% to 60% of your home’s appraised value. The older you are, the more you can receive because loan amounts are based on your age and current interest rates.
Several factors determine the loan amount:
- The age of the youngest borrower
- The value of the home or the 2024 lending limit (whichever is less)
- The current interest rates
Other factors that affect the loan amount include:
- Costs to obtain the loan (these are subtracted from the available loan amount)
- Existing mortgages and liens (these must be paid off)
Any remaining money after these deductions belongs to you.
You can use our easy-to-use calculator to find out how much you can receive from a reverse mortgage.
How Age Affects Your Principal Limit
You must be at least 62 years old to get a HECM reverse mortgage. The Principal Limit, or the maximum amount you can borrow, is based on the age of the youngest borrower. This is because the program uses life expectancy to estimate how long borrowers will be accruing interest.
If there are multiple borrowers, the loan amount is based on the youngest person’s age. This is because all borrowers can live in the home for the rest of their lives without making payments.
Generally, younger borrowers can accrue more interest over their lifetime than older borrowers. Therefore, an 82-year-old borrower would start with a higher Principal Limit than a 62-year-old borrower with the same terms.
However, there are exceptions, but this is the general principle.
Exploring Reverse Mortgage Payment Options
There are several ways you can receive funds from a reverse mortgage:
- Cash Lump Sum at Closing: Receive all the money at once.
- Line of Credit: Draw money as you need it.
- Term Payment: Receive a set amount of money for a specific period.
- Tenure Payment: Receive guaranteed payments for as long as you live in your home.
You can also customize these options to fit your needs by combining them. For example, a married couple in California, born in 1951 and owning a $500,000 home, might choose a reverse mortgage with the following plan:
- Receive $100,000 at closing to improve their property and fund their grandchild’s college plan.
- Set up a monthly payment of $1,000 for four years until they begin receiving a larger social security benefit.
This plan leaves them with an additional $125,000 available in a line of credit, which grows at a guaranteed rate if unused.
How the Line of Credit Growth Rate Works
In the past, many viewed reverse mortgages as a last resort. However, let’s consider a savvy borrower planning for future needs. She has enough income for now but is worried about needing more money later.
After covering loan costs, she gets a reverse mortgage with a $200,000 line of credit. The unused portion of this line of credit grows at the same rate as the interest and mortgage insurance premiums that would have accrued if she had borrowed the money.
As time passes, her credit line increases. This means that if she needs more funds in the future, they will be available to her.
If interest rates remain the same, her available credit would look like this:
- 10 years: $350,000
- 15 years: $500,000
- 20 years: $660,000
If interest rates increase by 1% in the third year and another 1% in the seventh year, her available credit after 20 years would be more than $820,000.
It’s important to remember that this is not income; it’s a loan. If you borrow the money, you owe it, and it will accrue interest. You or your heirs must repay it when the property is sold.
However, having between $660,000 and $820,000 available in 20 years is a significant financial resource.
Lump Sum Payouts: Fixed Rate Draw Requirements
With a fixed-rate reverse mortgage, you must take the total amount of money available at the loan’s closing. You cannot leave any funds for future draws because no future draws are allowed with a fixed rate.
Due to higher tax and insurance default rates, HUD changed the rules when borrowers took 100% of the funds upfront. Now, borrowers do not have access to 100% of the Principal Limit at the close of the loan.
This change helps prevent financial difficulties by ensuring that borrowers have funds available over time rather than all at once.
#1 Tip: Finding the Best Interest Rates and Closing Costs
To find the best rates and closing costs, you need to shop around and compare all aspects of the offers, not just a few fees. For example, choosing a lender with a slightly lower appraisal fee might seem like a good deal, but if that lender charges a margin that is 0.50% higher, it can cost you tens of thousands of dollars in interest over the life of the loan.
It’s essential to look at the overall picture. Consider your goals and how long you plan to stay in your home. If your goal is to preserve equity, focus on finding a loan with the lowest interest margin, even if it has slightly higher upfront fees. On the other hand, if you want the highest line of credit growth, a higher margin may be more beneficial, as it grows at a higher rate.
Educate yourself about the different options and what they mean for your financial situation. Understanding your long-term and short-term goals will help you choose the best reverse mortgage for your needs.
#2 Tip: Evaluating Reverse Mortgage Costs vs. Benefits
Reverse mortgages are not for everyone. If the loan does not meet your needs and you will still struggle financially, you need to recognize that before using your home equity. If the loan won’t make your life easier and you might need to sell your home in a few years, consider selling now instead of eroding your equity. Making that move now can prevent more difficult decisions later.
A reverse mortgage is intended to be the last loan you ever need. If you know you are not in your forever home, consider using a reverse mortgage to buy the right house instead of using it as a temporary fix, which might not be a proper solution at all. Most borrowers benefit when they research and plan carefully. Understand how these loans work, what your plans are, and which options best achieve your goals.
Frequently Asked Questions
Who owns the house on a reverse mortgage?
When you take out a reverse mortgage, you remain the owner of your home, just like with a traditional mortgage. The reverse mortgage is simply a loan secured against your property. You do not give up ownership to get a reverse mortgage.
How much money can I get from a reverse mortgage?
The amount of money you can get from a reverse mortgage depends on three factors: 1. Age of the Youngest Borrower: The older you are, the more money you can get. 2. Current Interest Rates: The lower the interest rates, the more money you can get. 3. Home’ss Appraised Value: The value of your home also affects the amount you can borrow. These factors together determine the Principal Limit Factor, which is the percentage of yourhome’ss value that you can borrow.
How is the loan amount of a reverse mortgage determined?
The amount you can borrow through a reverse mortgage is calculated based on guidelines from HUD (the Department of Housing and Urban Development). This calculation considers several factors: the value of your home, current interest rates, and your age. These factors help determine how much money you can receive from the loan. Additionally, the amount you currently owe on any existing mortgages is considered to decide how much money you can get in the first 12 months of the loan.
Can you get a reverse mortgage with a low credit score?
Yes, you can still qualify for a reverse mortgage with a low credit score. Unlike traditional loans, your credit score isn’t a major factor for approval. However, your credit history is still important. Lenders will examine your ability to pay ongoing property taxes, homeowners insurance, and other home-related expenses. If you’ve had past credit issues but have kept up with your property taxes and insurance and haven’t had major recent problems, you’ll likely qualify for a reverse mortgage. The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) sets these guidelines, so as long as your income and home meet their requirements, you can move forward. If you’ve been late on taxes or insurance payments in the last two years, you may still qualify, but the lender may ask you to set aside money for future payments. Even with recent credit challenges, getting a reverse mortgage is possible, but you may need this special set-aside to cover your taxes and insurance.
Is an appraisal required for a reverse mortgage?
Yes, an appraisal is required for every reverse mortgage. The appraiser is essential as the eyes and ears for both the lender and HUD (Department of Housing and Urban Development). The appraisal determines the value of your home and checks for any issues that could affect the loan’s security. HUD has specific property standards, and an on-site appraisal is the only way to confirm that your home meets these requirements. The appraiser will also ensure that your home is safe and livable to qualify for the loan. During the appraisal, the appraiser will walk through your home, turn on faucets, check the attic, and note any potential issues like roof damage, foundation cracks, plumbing leaks, or exposed wiring. While the appraiser isn’t a contractor, they will point out any major concerns they notice. This ensures your home meets HUD’s minimum property standards and can qualify for the reverse mortgage.
Do you still make a payment of some kind on a reverse mortgage?
As the homeowner, you are responsible for your taxes, insurance, and any other assessments on your property (i.e., HOA dues, if any). No mortgage payments are due for as long as you live in the home as your primary residence, but you can choose to make a payment at any time. There is no prepayment penalty with a reverse mortgage, so if you want to pay a payment in any amount, you may do so without penalty, but none are required as long as you live in the home and pay the property charges on a timely basis.
Can I sell my house if I have a reverse mortgage?
Yes, if you have a reverse mortgage, you can sell your house anytime without penalty.
Is there a penalty if I pay off my reverse mortgage early?
No, there is no penalty for paying off a reverse mortgage early. You can repay part or all of the loan anytime without any extra charges. You can use your own money, take out another loan, or even sell your home to pay off the reverse mortgage. It’s important to remember that you always own your home—you’re not “buying it back” from the lender when you repay the loan. Some homeowners choose to make voluntary payments on their reverse mortgage. While payments aren’t required, paying down the loan can help reduce the balance or pay it off sooner, depending on your plan. If you decide to start making payments but stop later, there’s no penalty because no monthly payments are required in the first place.
How does a reverse mortgage get paid back?
A reverse mortgage loan is paid back when it reaches maturity or if the homeowner decides to sell their home or pay it off through other means. When a reverse mortgage borrower passes away, the heirs to their property can either pay off the balance to keep the property or sell the home to pay off the loan balance. If an heir inherits the property with a balance that exceeds the current market value, they can choose to pay the loan in full at 95% of the current market value, even when that is less than the amount owed.
What happens if I outlive the total value of my home?
If you outlive the value of your home, you can still stay in the property as long as you continue to pay your property taxes and homeowners insurance and maintain the home. The loan balance and your home’s value won’t affect your ability to remain in the home. A reverse mortgage is a non-recourse loan, which means neither you nor your heirs will ever owe more than the home is worth. When you pass away or move out, your heirs can keep the home by paying off the loan at either the amount owed or 95% of the home’s current market value, whichever is less. If they choose not to keep the home, they can walk away without owing anything, even if the home’s value is less than the loan balance. If the home sells for less than the loan balance, the mortgage insurance you paid for will cover the difference, and the lender cannot ask your estate or heirs for more money. The insurance ensures that your loved ones are protected from any shortfall.
Can you lose your home with a reverse mortgage?
Yes. When taking a reverse mortgage, you agree to maintain property charges, such as taxes and homeowner’s insurance, and occupy your home as your primary residence. (Defined by leaving at most six months). If you fail to maintain the loan agreement, HUD requires the servicer to call the loan due and payable. (Also See: 5 Ways To Lose Your Home With a Reverse Mortgage)
What are the disadvantages of a reverse mortgage?
Reverse mortgages have a few key drawbacks. One significant limitation is that the property must be the borrower’s primary residence. If you decide to move out and wish to keep the property as a rental, you must either refinance the reverse mortgage or pay it off entirely. Additionally, reverse mortgages often entail higher closing costs compared to traditional loans. This expense increase is primarily due to the mortgage insurance required for HUD-insured Home Equity Conversion Mortgages (HECMs), making it a costlier option upfront.
Why should you not get a reverse mortgage?
You might reconsider getting a reverse mortgage for several reasons, especially if you plan to sell your home soon. Reverse mortgages are intended as long-term financial solutions, not short-term fixes. The upfront costs, including mortgage insurance and other fees, can be substantial. These expenses can outweigh the benefits if you sell your home or move shortly after getting a reverse mortgage. Because of these initial costs, a reverse mortgage may not be the best choice for homeowners who don’t plan to stay in their home for a long time. If you’re looking for a quick financial solution or expect to move soon, it might be worth exploring other options before committing to a reverse mortgage.
Is a reverse mortgage a good idea?
Whether a reverse mortgage is a good idea depends on your individual circumstances and long-term goals. It can be a great option if you plan to stay in your home for the rest of your life and want to use your home equity to improve your financial situation. A reverse mortgage can provide extra funds to help you live more comfortably during retirement. However, if you’re considering moving later in retirement, it’s worth exploring other options like a reverse mortgage for purchasing a new home or different home equity loans. The key is assessing your future plans and financial needs before deciding if a reverse mortgage is right for you.
Key Takeaways on Reverse Mortgages
- Reverse mortgages allow seniors to borrow against the equity in their homes without making monthly mortgage payments. The most common type is the Home Equity Conversion Mortgage (HECM), insured by the Federal Housing Administration.
- To qualify, you must be at least 62 years old, and the Principal Limit is based on the age of the youngest borrower.
- The funds available are determined by the youngest borrower’s age, the home’s value, and current interest rates.
- The loan must be repaid when the last surviving borrower dies, permanently leaves the home, or stops paying property taxes or homeowner’s insurance.
- A reverse mortgage never has a payment due or a prepayment penalty. Any remaining equity goes to the borrower’s heirs or beneficiaries.
ARLO also recommends these helpful resources:
- Reverse Mortgage Pros & Cons: Starting with the Downsides
- The Complete Guide to Understanding Reverse Mortgages
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You can take a lump sum of cash (lump sum option).You can take a set payment for life (tenure option).You can determine the payment you wish to take until you exhaust the funds (term payment).You can leave the money in a line of credit and draw from the line as you wish (line of credit option).
Or you can mix the line of credit with the tenure or term options to have both a payment for life or of your choosing and that would be either a modified tenure or modified tenure. In your case, you could choose the line of credit option, draw the amount you want, and the other funds would remain in the line, available to you. If you never draw the money, you never accrue any interest on the funds and you, or your heirs do not need to repay them. You only pay back what you use (plus any interest that accrues on those funds). In addition, the line of credit grows in availability on the unused funds over time. This means that the longer you have funds available on the line, the more money will be available to borrow later should you need them. Again, if you never need them you are not required to repay them but if you ever do need them for any reason, they are always available unlike a Home Equity Line of Credit that the bank can close at their discretion or that goes into a repayment period after 10 years.July 25th, 2020
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